What type of memory module is used to store instructions for booting a PC and loading the operating system?

The type of memory module used to store instructions for booting a PC and loading the operating system is ROM, which stands for Read-Only Memory. This memory is non-volatile, meaning that it retains its contents even when the computer is powered off. ROM contains the firmware, including the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which is essential for initializing hardware during the boot process and for starting the operating system.

The instructions stored in ROM are critical because they prepare the system to load the operating system from the hard drive or another bootable device. Since the data in ROM typically doesn't change, it is ideal for storing firmware that doesn't require frequent updates.

Other types of memory like DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) are used for temporarily storing data and instructions while a computer is running but do not retain information once the power is turned off. Flash memory, although it can also store firmware and is non-volatile, is generally used for different purposes such as solid-state drives (SSDs) or USB drives and is not specifically designated for boot instructions in traditional PCs.